Digital Crime Problem and Its Solving

Most of the modern world businesses are conducted with the assistance of computers that have internet connections. Therefore, these computers carry very important personal and company information that can be utilized by hackers to commit crime (System Solutions Group, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Digital Crime Problem and Its Solving specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Digital crime is therefore committed when an individual obtains access to confidential information such as credit card numbers or using unauthorized means to access a computer in order to acquire some private information. Since the computer systems are connected globally, this form of crime is also global and not limited by territorial borders (Caeti et al, 2005). It is therefore a very complex form of crime to curb. Digital crime can be committed through various ways. When an individual decides to make and distribute computer worms and viru ses, it may hamper the normal functioning of a computer system rendering it vulnerable to security breaches (Caeti et al, 2005). Other ways through which this type of crime is committed include production and distribution of child pornography; repeated stealing of money that is done in small bits and commonly known as Salami slicing; identity theft enabling deceptive computer transactions; property theft with the aid of computer systems; piracy; unauthorized use and alteration of programs; deliberate interference with computerized protection systems; and fraudulent manipulation of computer records (Caeti et al, 2005). Electronic funds transfer is also another form of digital crime that is on the rise especially in the developed world whereby almost every business transaction is digitalized. This is achieved through counterfeiting digital information stored on a credit card. Not all of these digital crimes occur in isolation. Most of them are compound in such a way one that crime nec essitates another one (System Solutions Group, 2003). Currently, effective measures have been put in place to combat digital crimes. The introduction of a worldwide Data Security Standard (DSS), which protects cardholder data from access and manipulation, has greatly reduced instances of fraudulent cash withdrawals from the ATMs. This system integrates network architecture, software design, security management, policies, and procedures. It enables improved security in the banking sector globally (Caeti et al, 2005). A global multilayered advance to security has also helped in countering digital crime. This approach protects digital systems from malware threats of any type. These systems are able to withstand security breaches.Advertising Looking for essay on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are myriads of security software in the market that have been designed to help in combating digital crimes (System Solut ions Group, 2003). A good example of such software is the antivirus software that protects computer systems from viruses, malwares, and worms. This makes it difficult for hackers to establish a link into a remote computer. Windows defender is also important security software that prevents unauthorized access to a computer. The use of a pin or a password also assists in regulating digital crimes. Laws have been enacted that incriminate any form of digital crimes. Child protection laws ensure that there is no production of child pornographic materials. Antipiracy laws also help in combating unauthorized production of digital information. International security bodies such as Interpol and the FBI have been put in place to help combat this crime, since it is not limited to a country. Forensic systems have been built in such a way that any form of data manipulations can be noticed and consequently enhancing the accuracy of crime scene investigation data. All these security measures can o nly function effectively if the user of the digital device such as a computer employs other standard measures needed to regulate digital crimes. The system software must be up to date since the current software is complex and hard to hack. The digital system should equally be protected with a complex password that contains variety of characters (System Solutions Group, 2003). Finally, prevention of digital crime can be enhanced by reporting to the authorities any suspicious activity. Therefore for digital crime to be tackled effectively all digital systems users should be involved. References Caeti, T. J., Liederbach, J. R., Loper, K. J., Fritsch, E. J. Taylor, R. W. (2005). Digital Crime and Digital Terrorism. New Jersey, NJ: Prentice Hall. System Solutions Group. (2003). Digital Crime. Retrieved from http://www.ssg-inc.net/Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Digital Crime Problem and Its Solving specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Digital Crime Problem and Its Solving was written and submitted by user Augustus Bartlett to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

University of Alabama in Huntsville Admissions

University of Alabama in Huntsville Admissions University of Alabama in Huntsville Description: The University of Alabama in Huntsville ranks highly among public universities in the south. UAH prides itself on the depth of its research initiatives, and the school has partnerships with NASA, the U.S. Army, Pratt Whitney, and other organizations. Engineering is particularly strong at the University of Alabama in Huntsville, and the school wins high marks for the number of female engineers it graduates. Students can choose from 30 Bachelors degree programs through the universitys five colleges: Business, Liberal Arts, Engineering, Nursing and Science. Professional fields in business, engineering and nursing are most popular with undergraduates. Academics are supported by a 16 to 1 student / faculty ratio. On the athletic front, the UAH Chargers compete in the NCAA Division II Gulf South Conference. The university fields seven mens and seven womens intercollegiate teams. Mens ice hockey competes at the Division I level. Will You Get In? Calculate Your Chances of Getting In  with this free tool from Cappex Admissions Data (2016): UAH Acceptance Rate: 76%Test Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 520 / 660SAT Math: 540 / 680SAT Writing: - / -What these SAT numbers meanCompare Alabama SAT scoresACT Composite: 25  / 31ACT English: 24 / 33ACT Math: 23  / 29What these ACT numbers meanCompare Alabama ACT scores Enrollment (2015): Total Enrollment: 7,866  (6,013 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 57% Male / 43% Female79% Full-time Costs (2016 - 17): Tuition and Fees: $9,842 (in-state); $20,612 (out-of-state)Books: $1,688  (why so much?)Room and Board: $9,603Other Expenses: $3,578Total Cost: $24,711  (in-state); $35,481 (out-of-state) University of Alabama in Huntsville Financial Aid (2015- 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 93%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 87%Loans: 41%Average Amount of AidGrants: $10,197Loans: $6,247 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Art, Biology, Business Administration, Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, Management Information Systems, Mechanical Engineering, NursingWhat major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Transfer, Retention and Graduation Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 83%Transfer Out Rate: 30%4-Year Graduation Rate: 15%6-Year Graduation Rate: 49% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports:  Track and Field, Baseball, Ice Hockey, Soccer, Basketball, TennisWomens Sports:  Basketball, Track and Field, Soccer, Softball, Volleyball, Tennis Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics If You Like University of Alabama, You May Also Like These Schools: Auburn University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphTroy University: Profile  Alabama A M University: Profile  Alabama State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphJacksonville State University: Profile  Samford University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphStillman College: Profile  Miles College: Profile  Georgia State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of West Alabama: Profile  Tennessee State University: Profile   University of Alabama in Huntsville Mission Statement: mission statement from  uah.edu/about/mission The University of Alabama in Huntsville is a research-intensive, internationally recognized technological university serving Alabama and beyond. Our mission is to explore, discover, create, and communicate knowledge, while educating individuals in leadership, innovation, critical thinking, and civic responsibility and inspiring a passion for learning.

Why did the Cold War End Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Why did the Cold War End - Essay Example It is called the Cold war mainly because there was no direct confrontation between these two world powers and instead, their confrontations tended to happen by proxy. They often provided the funding and weapons to rival groups in various countries, such as Vietnam and Korea, and these fought each other to see which ideology would come up supreme (Hitchens 2006, 276). It is to the credit of the leaders of these rival states that they did not come to an open confrontation with each other. If they had allowed their emotions to get away with them, then it would have been a disaster on a global scale. This is because both of these powers possessed nuclear weapons, and in case of a war, they would have been inevitably used. Despite all the rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United State, the Cold war suddenly ended in the late 1980s; this was mainly due to both long term and short-term issues, which took place in the Soviet Union, and these, are what will be discussed in this paper. The main reason why the Cold war ended is because the Soviet Union collapsed, and this happened due to various long and short-term circumstances. It has been suggested by certain scholars that the Soviet Union would have fallen much sooner than it did (Dobbs, 1993). This is because, from the time of Stalin’s rule onwards, the Soviet Union was not secure when it came to food supply. Stalin’s policy of the collectivization of agriculture, and the seizure of peasants’ property left the Soviet Union with insufficient grain reserves to feed its population. Where it had once been one of the largest exporters of grain in the world, it became one of its biggest importers. There was extremely little funding for the Soviet Union to use to export grain and there came a time when the state was virtually bankrupt. This would have manifested the fall of the Soviet system but

Post-Staff Reduction Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Post-Staff Reduction Plan - Essay Example But the security perspective of the installation will not change in any way (No reduction of the size of the building or installation is possible).My line of action to cope up with the unpleasant responsibilities will be by adopting the following strategies: 1. Generally, reduction in the staff strength will be on the basis of seniority, by applying the procedure of ‘last in first out’ method. In the present case, I will follow this method strictly, to remove any apprehensions in the minds of the staff. If any other member of the staff has to be removed on out of turn basis that will be by adopting the normal disciplinary proceedings and on the basis of the findings of the departmental enquiry. Reduction in staff on any count will be an unwelcome change, but I will face the situation with a positive attitude by orally assuring the staff that the impending retrenchment will be hopefully be a temporary phenomenon, and as soon as the budget constraints are improved they can look forward for a favorable response from the management. I will be guided by this principle: â€Å"Your behavior and attitude are critical elements in steering the group successfully through the transition. A positive attitude does not imply that you sho uld deny the difficult and unfortunate aspects of what might be happening.† (www.ucdmc.) The staff shall be in a state of anxiety. As such I will keep the doors of communication open, and deal with them with utmost patience. 3. I will impress upon the staff, that there is nothing wrong with the management of the company, the top management is responsible and ever eager to mitigate the difficulties of the employees facing retrenchment, but the bad shape of the economy and the market forces are responsible for the present state of affairs. I shall try my best to normalize the reactions of the employees and assure them of all lay-off benefits which will be settled within the quickest possible time. 4. I shall

Report On Aspects of Employment Covered by Law Essay Example for Free

Report On Aspects of Employment Covered by Law Essay Britain has a deficit crisis, from which the only escape route, is economic growth. Growth needs to be encouraged in every way possible.   I’m now working in Health and Social Care, it’s my first job here in the UK.I find that here in Great Britain has loads of legislation designed to ensure that discrimination on certain grounds is unlawful, and also protect workers like me. This report will cover pieces of aspects of employment covered by legislation relevant to this area, outlining why legislation relating to employment exists and the list of sources of information and advice about employment responsibilities and rights: The Equality Act 2010 The Equality Act 2010 consolidates the previous nine pieces of equality legislation based on protected characteristics to create, for the first time in Great Britain, unified equality legislation. The nine protected characteristics are: age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, race, religion or belief, sex and sexual orientation. Among other things, the Act simplifies or clarifies the definitions of direct discrimination (including association and perception), indirect discrimination, harassment and victimisation and extends positive equality duties to public authorities which must have due regard to the need to eliminate discrimination, advance equality of opportunity, and foster good relations between different groups. The definition of disability under the law has changed such that a person who ahs a â€Å"physical or mental impairment that has long-term adverse effect on their ability don’t have to show that their impairment affects a particular capacity. The definition of gender reassignment has also been change-stating that this apply to â€Å" a person who is proposing to undergo, is undergoing or has under gone process to change their sex†. Sex Discrimination Act 1975 The Sexual Discrimination Act of 1975 was introduced to protect individuals from discrimination on the grounds of gender. Sexual Discrimination can take many forms. It is essential to understand that sexual discrimination is judged to be unwanted attention by the victim of the behaviour, not the perpetrator. Discrimination was set out in two forms: Direct Discrimination- simply stated that one person is treated less favourably than another based on gender. Indirect Discrimination –on the other is quit complex, this takes place if a requirement or condition is imposed, which has nothing to with gender but in practices. The Sex Discrimination Act also made it unlawful; to discriminate on the ground of marital status. Equal Pay Act 1970/1975 It simply states that Men and Women should receive equal pay for work of equal value. Human Rights Act 1998 The Human Right Act 1998 was introduced by Parliament and came into force in October 200. There are different article in this Act. Theses include: Article 2- everyone’s right to life shall be protected by law. Article 3- no one shall be subjected to degrading treatment. Article 5- everyone has the right to liberty and security of a person. Article 8-eeryone has the right to respect for his private and family life and his correspondence. Article 9- everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. Article 12- men and women of marriageable age have the right to marry and found a family. Article 14- the enjoyment of these rights and freedoms set forth in this Convention shall be secured without discrimination on any ground. Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 Establishes the rights of all people arrested by the police. Detainees have the right to legal advice and right to notify person who is likely interested in their welfaire. Civil Partnership Act 2004 This establishes the right of same sex couples to enter into a civil partnership. This is not marriage but is a relationship of equivalent seriousness and commitment. Health and Safety Health and safety is important to every work that we do. The legislation of health and safety is generally covered by statutory regulations. These legislations are: Health and Safety at Work Act 19 74 Employers have a duty to ensure the health and safety at work for all employees, provide and maintain equipment and system in safe condition and provide information, training and supervision relating to health and safety at work. Managers have the duty to maintain a safe working environment for all staff, ensuring that staffs follow policies, procedures and instructions. Give well information about hazard and safe working to new members of staff and also to report or record any accidents. Employees have duty to follow rules and regulation at work, ensure that they use materials in recommended procedures and not misuses anything provided for health ,safety and welfare. Food Safety Act 1990 This applies wherever food is supplied other than within a family situation. This Act is a wide ranging piece of legislation which strengthened and updated existing laws relevant to food and safety. Holidays Annual leave entitlements should be agreed when an employee starts work, details of holidays and holiday pay should be found in the employees written statement or contract of employment. Most workers are legally entitled to 5.6 weeks paid holiday per year (this is known as statutory entitlement). Part time worker are entitled to the same amount of holiday (pro rota) as full time colleagues. Employers can set the times when workers can take their leave for example a Christmas shut down. If employment ends workers have the right to be paid for any leave due but not taken. There is no legal right to paid public holidays Equal pay Employers must give men and women equal treatment in the terms and conditions of their employment contract if they are employed to do: like work work that is the same or broadly similar  work rated as equivalent under a job evaluation study Work found to be of equal value in terms of effort, skill or decision making. Employees are also entitled to know how their pay is made up. For example, if there is a bonus system, everyone should know how to earn bonuses and how they are calculated. National Minimum Wage Most workers in the UK over school leaving age are entitled to be paid at least the NMW. The NMW rates are reviewed each year by the Low Pay commission. Most workers will be entitled to the National Minimum Wage (NMW). Normally the NMW rate changes in October each year. There are no exemptions according to the size of business. HM Revenue Customs can take employers to court for not paying the NMW. II. Outlining why legislation relating to employment exist: Legislation relating to employment exists to stop exploitation of workers by their employers mainly to protect the rights of their employee’s and to make sure that they have everything they need such as: * Minimum wage * Safety standards * Holiday entitlement * Maternity leave * Redundancy payments * Discrimination laws * Maximum working hours * Age requirement All employees need to have all good things that protect them from unscrupulous bosses. III. Sources of information and advice about employment and rights: * Contract- All employees have an employment contract with their employer. A contract is an agreement that sets out an employee’s: employment conditions rights responsibilities duties These are called the ‘terms’ of the contract. * Handbook- An employee handbook, sometimes also known as an employee manual or staff handbook, is a book given to employees by an employer. Usually, the employee handbook contains information about company policies and procedures. * Policy documents is a deliberate system of principles to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes. A policy is a statement of intent, and is implemented as a procedure or protocol. Policies are generally adopted by the Board of or senior governance body within an organization whereas procedures or protocols would be developed and adopted by senior executive officers. * Terms and conditions -Terms and conditions of employment are the elements of a contract which help to define the relation between an employer  and an employee * Job description A broad, general, and written statement of a specific job, based on the findings of a job analysis. It generally includes duties, purpose, responsibilities, scope, and working conditions of a job along with the jobs title, and the name or designation of the person to whom the employee reports. Job description usually forms the basis of job specification.

Netflix competitive analysis Essay -- essays research papers

Competitive Analysis Blockbuster Inc. and Movie Gallery are currently the two strongest competitors in the market, and therefore pose the biggest threats to Netflix. Amazon, Intelliflicks, and Cleanfilms are all present in the market, but don’t possess enough force at this time to be considered a threat to Netflix. Blockbuster As of right now, Blockbuster is the biggest competitive threat to Netflix. Blockbuster was incorporated in 1989 in Delaware and is a major renter of home videocassettes, DVDs and video games throughout the Americas, as well as Europe, Asia and Australia. Blockbuster operated about 9,100 stores in the U.S. and 24 other countries, as of Dec. 2004. In the summer of 2004, Blockbuster launched an online rental program that provides a challenging competitive match for Netflix. Blockbuster’s online debut was in development for years. In 2002 Blockbuster purchased FilmCaddy, an online movie rental company that became Blockbusters internet channel. Blockbuster completed consumer research, both qualitative and quantitative, and found that online customers preferred a program that would give them both Internet convenience and in-store benefits. Blockbuster decided to incorporate its extensive network of stores to provide a powerful competitive edge. In addition, the chain has said it wil l invest $170 million this year alone in its online-rental operation. Financially, Blockbuster has revenues of 6.10 billion, with a gross profit of 3.61 billion, and a negative ne...

After a century of criminological theory, why does crime still exist Essay

After more than a century of criminological theory, a central question remains: why does crime still exist? To answer this question one must first come to a clear definition as to what crime actually means. In essence crime can be considered a social concept; a specific word attributes an individual to a particularly undesirable group. This allocations is based upon an event; some sort of wrong-doing or deviance from the norm which results in social, physical, mental, property or financial harm. The fact is, there is no singular definition to crime- there are multiple views and opinions yet none stands as a concrete definition. From a formally legal perspective, crime can be defined as by the state; that is if a specific act is defined by criminal law and is subject to punishment than it can be considered a crime. Conversely from a labelling perspective, crime can only exist if a particular event has resulted in a social response. It is this social response which instigates the criminal label and thus if there is no label, there is no crime. The ambiguity in the definition of crime alone provides grounds for its continuous existence. After all it seems only logical that we cannot rid of something that is not universally agreed upon. In attempts to unveil the cloak of criminality, various theories have been put forward which seek to clarify what is unclear. Of particular interest is the classical approach to crime and the idea of positivism and individualist behaviour. The classical theory of criminality locates the source of criminality within the individual and describes it as a rational choice (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990). Positivism on the other hand emphasises causation and determinism, it focuses on both the external and internal factors which drive individual behaviour (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990). Both of these theories hold opposing views about the causations of crime however they both seek to give reason to the existence of criminal behaviour. By focusing on these theories we may receive some clarity as to why crime still exists. Classical Theory: According to the classical theory criminality is seen to be derived from the individual and their ability to reason. This theory encapsulates crime as a matter of choice and intent on the part of the offender. Due to crime being represented as a choice of the offender, responsibility for that crime is thus attributed solely to the individual. Classical theory views all individuals as having equal opportunity to reason and be rational thus making us accountable for our actions. The basis of such a view stems from the assumption that there is general consensus among members of society; individuals surrender particular rights to state in exchange for its protection thus forming a social contract. Because we are all viewed as having equal opportunity to reason, the classical view holds that any rules or laws developed by consensus should be viewed as reasonable and binding to all; this is the social contract. The classical theory thereby defines criminality as someone who acts irrationally or makes a bad choice which violates the social contract. The two leading figures behind the development of the classical theory are Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. According to Beccaria (1764) and Bentham (1970) the basis of all social action should be viewed as the utilitarian concept which results in the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people in society. Beccaria stated that crime should be considered as an injury to society as a whole and as such punishment should be used as a deterrent. This concept alone is the core is the core policy classical theory adopts when responding to crime; deterrence. Punishment is in essence the force which maintains the existence of a social contract between the state and individual (Carlsmith and Darley 2002). Classical theory states that all crimes should be associated with some sort of punishment. However the purpose of this punishment within the law is to deter individuals and not to seek vengeance. Deterrence should be directed at both the individual (direct deterrence) and at society as a whole (general deterrence). As such punishment should fit the crime but still outweigh the attraction of individual(s) to commit that crime [Beccaria (1764) and Bentham (1970)]. The Persistence of crime: To answer the question as to why classical theory has failed to rid society of crime we must further examine the work of Jeremy Bentham. According to Bentham (1970) â€Å"Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters; pain and pleasure. Bentham outlines how all human behaviour can be linked to a self-interested pursuit of pleasure adaversion of pain. Thus according to this crime can be considered as behaviours seeking to satisfy some underlying universal desires. In that sense people can be seen as rational when they commit crimes and when they do not. Furthermore it implies that people act first in the interest of the self and are free to choose a course of action, be it legal or illegal. Thus classical theory hasn’t failed to rid society of crime because it never attempted to do so; the theory merely accepts the fact that crime will co-exist alongside free-will and as such classicism seeks to minimise it. According to Blumstein, Cohen, and Nagin (1978) a review of seminal studies conducted from 1960-1970 depicted that certainty of punishment and severity of punishment correlated highly with lower levels of crime. Furthermore Shepherd (2002) demonstrated that cross-sectional studies and surveys support the previous findings in that perceived certainty of punishment has a strong inverted association with criminal offending. Strengths and Weaknesses: The strongest point classicism holds is its emphasis on equality. In the eyes of the law classicism enforces that everyone be viewed and treated the same. Whilst in theory this notion may seem appealing as it rids the legal system of bias judgements such as lifting the laws for the rich, it also has a dark side. Classicism ignores the specificity of the defendant. Some people such as mentally ill or children are clearly not rational yet classicism overlooks this. Classicism incorrectly assumes that people are equal in terms of life chances and it does little to address the causations of crime. Thus although the deterrence policy adopted by classicism has been proven to work, the theory refuses to acknowledge external factors which may influence crime. Even though classical systems of crime are still used today, such theoretical models became largely unfavourable in the mid-19th century when a new paradigm of human behaviour became dominant (Tibbets 2012). This view became known as school of positivism. Positivism: Positivism was first proposed by Auguste Comte (1968) – his theory sought to quantify, classify and acknowledge humanities individual differences when dealing with criminal acts. The core concept underlying positivism is that individual behaviour is shaped by both external and internal factors. The focus of positivism is of the individual and not the crime. Conversely to classicism, positivism asserts that individuals vary and that no two people are alike. As a result rehabilitation is core policy positivism adopts when dealing with criminality. Positivists emphasize that attention should be drawn to the offender and the offender’s characteristics as opposed to the criminal act itself. Furthermore punishment is not viewed as means to a valid solution in resolving crime. Offenders should receive treatment and this treatment should be individualised to fit the unique characteristics of the offender. Defining Crime: Similarly to classicism, positivism agrees that there is a moral consensus which exists in society in relation to what constitutes deviant and normal behaviour. However the differences arise when examining what drives criminal activity. Specifically positivists attribute three strands which underlie criminal activity: biological factors, psychological factors and biosocial factors. Biological Factors: Cesare Lambroso (1968) was the first to put forward the idea that criminals may differ from normal individuals. He did this through his idea of atavism; criminals could be identified from a physical stigma which portrayed them as primitive. Although this is quite obviously wrong he did set in motion the idea that biological makeup may influence criminality. Fishbein (1990) suggested the idea that a person may be born criminal due to genetic dispositions. Similarly Fishbein (1990) and Anderson (2007) emphasise that biological factors are crucial in determining individual behaviour but also that the environment may largely affect these factors. In other words criminals can be seen as the product the environment they are exposed to. Good support for both of these ideas can be seen in substance abuse crimes such as alcohol fuelled violence and high crime rates in specific geographic areas. Psychological Factors: Psychological positivism focus’s internally on the personality types and typologies which compose individuals. Gibbons (1977) exemplifies that looking at psychology behind deviant behaviour involves exploring the unconscientious mind and the way it shapes our experiences. Biosocial Approach: Biosocial positivism refers to the acceptance of both biological and psychological factors influencing behaviour as opposed to making a distinction between the two. From this point of view behaviour can be seen as the product of nature vs. nurture, Eysneck (1984) suggested the idea that behaviour can be explained by the combination of biological and environmental influences. Strengths and weaknesses: A strong point of the positivist approach is that it transcends the notion that people are always and indefinitely in control of their actions. Furthermore it acknowledges the existence of individual difference and emphasises the need for individualised treatment. A problem with the theory is that large amount of power is placed at the mercy of selective experts whose perceptions of intervention may vary greatly. An example of this arises when attempting early intervention with those who are predisposed to crime. If intervention should take place before deviance the questions which arise are; how early should we do this? Who is to do it? And should we trust them? Dyzenhaus (2004) exemplifies this by drawing on positivism as a political tradition which rejects the connection between common law and morality. He states that when positivist judges are forced to operate with the parameters of common law they are forced to constrain themselves and as such impair their judgement. Why does crime still exist? Positivists emphasise the role of external and individual forces in shaping our behaviour. In essence the positivist perspective argues that individuals are not actually in control of their behaviour but rather at the mercy of the various biological and or psychological determinants influencing them. Thus positivism cannot rid society of crime because it acknowledges that we are vulnerable individuals who cannot necessarily control our actions or our fate. Conclusion: Positivism rears the source of criminality within the idea that people are basically self-seeking. Positivism places its focus on the importance of external and internal determinants of crime and criminality. Both theories provide plausible explanations for crime but none are able to readily remove it from society. This is primarily due to the fact that these theories are mere attempts to understand and define crime as opposed to resolving it.